Abortion - Wikipedia. Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. An abortion may be caused purposely and is then called an induced abortion, or less frequently, . The word abortion is often used to mean only induced abortions. The pylorus (/ p a. The pylorus is considered as having two. Directory of free online medical reference textbooks for physicians, medical students, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses and the public. Up-to-date. A similar procedure after the fetus could potentially survive outside the womb is known as a . In some areas abortion is legal only in specific cases such as rape, problems with the fetus, poverty, risk to a woman's health, or incest. Over a third are unintended and about a fifth end in induced abortion. The manner selected often depends upon the gestational age of the embryo or fetus, which increases in size as the pregnancy progresses. An abortion is medically referred to as a therapeutic abortion when it is performed to save the life of the pregnant woman; prevent harm to the woman's physical or mental health; terminate a pregnancy where indications are that the child will have a significantly increased chance of premature morbidity or mortality or be otherwise disabled; or to selectively reduce the number of fetuses to lessen health risks associated with multiple pregnancy. Medical abortion became an alternative method of abortion with the availability of prostaglandinanalogs in the 1. RU- 4. 86) in the 1. These techniques differ in the mechanism used to apply suction, in how early in pregnancy they can be used, and in whether cervical dilation is necessary. MVA, also known as . Dilation and curettage (D& C), the second most common method of surgical abortion, is a standard gynecological procedure performed for a variety of reasons, including examination of the uterine lining for possible malignancy, investigation of abnormal bleeding, and abortion. Curettage refers to cleaning the walls of the uterus with a curette. The World Health Organization recommends this procedure, also called sharp curettage, only when MVA is unavailable. Dilation and evacuation (D& E) consists of opening the cervix of the uterus and emptying it using surgical instruments and suction. After the 1. 6th week of gestation, abortions can also be induced by intact dilation and extraction (IDX) (also called intrauterine cranial decompression), which requires surgical decompression of the fetus's head before evacuation. IDX is sometimes called . Hysterotomy abortion is a procedure similar to a caesarean section and is performed under general anesthesia. It requires a smaller incision than a caesarean section and is used during later stages of pregnancy. Port Manteaux churns out silly new words when you feed it an idea or two. Enter a word (or two) above and you'll get back a bunch of portmanteaux created by jamming. Read the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly work in Medical Journals. Browse Download. BibMe Free Bibliography & Citation Maker - MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard.
This procedure may be performed from 1. Although it is very uncommon in the United States, more than 8. Sweden and other nearby countries. For this reason, labor induced abortion is legally risky in the U. S. The degree of force, if severe, can cause serious internal injuries without necessarily succeeding in inducing miscarriage. These methods are rarely seen in developed countries where surgical abortion is legal and available. The World Health Organization defines unsafe abortions as those performed by unskilled individuals, with hazardous equipment, or in unsanitary facilities. Complications are rare and can include uterine perforation, pelvic infection, and retained products of conception requiring a second procedure to evacuate. Major medical and scientific bodies (including the World Health Organization, National Cancer Institute, American Cancer Society, Royal College of OBGYN and American Congress of OBGYN) have concluded that abortion does not cause breast cancer. Title translation: . They may attempt to self- abort or rely on another person who does not have proper medical training or access to proper facilities. This has a tendency to lead to severe complications, such as incomplete abortion, sepsis, hemorrhage, and damage to internal organs. Although data are imprecise, it is estimated that approximately 2. Countries with restrictive abortion laws have higher rates of unsafe abortion and similar overall abortion rates compared to those where abortion is legal and available. It has been estimated that the incidence of unsafe abortion could be reduced by up to 7. Between 1. 99. 9 and 2. U. S., the CDC recorded 5. However, restrictive abortion laws are associated with increases in the percentage of abortions which are performed unsafely. According to the report of employees of Guttmacher Institute it ranged from 7 per 1. Germany and Switzerland) to 3. Estonia) in countries with complete statistics in 2. The proportion of pregnancies that ended in induced abortion ranged from about 1. Israel, the Netherlands and Switzerland) to 3. Estonia) in the same group, though it might be as high as 3. Hungary and Romania, whose statistics were deemed incomplete. In 2. 00. 3, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that 2. United States were known to have been obtained at less than 6 weeks' gestation, 1. D& E, and 3. 0% were medical. Others include being unable to afford a child either in terms of the direct costs of raising a child or the loss of income while caring for the child, lack of support from the father, inability to afford additional children, desire to provide schooling for existing children, disruption of one's own education, relationship problems with their partner, a perception of being too young to have a child, unemployment, and not being willing to raise a child conceived as a result of rape or incest, among others. These might include the preference for children of a specific sex or race. These factors can sometimes result in compulsory abortion or sex- selective abortion. Inconsistent use was reported by half of those using condoms and three- quarters of those using the birth- control pill; 4. Even after the point of viability, the state cannot favor the life of the fetus over the life or health of the pregnant woman. Under the right of privacy, physicians must be free to use their . Bolton, in which the Court defined health very broadly: . All these factors may relate to health. This allows the attending physician the room he needs to make his best medical judgment. From 1. 96. 2- 6. German measles that left 1. In 1. 96. 7, the American Medical Association publicly supported liberalization of abortion laws. A National Opinion Research Center poll in 1. Cancer. The rate of cancer during pregnancy is 0. This is particularly true for cervical cancer, the most common type which occurs in 1 of every 2,0. Very early stage cervical cancers (I and IIa) may be treated by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection, radiation therapy, or both, while later stages are treated by radiotherapy. Chemotherapy may be used simultaneously. Treatment of breast cancer during pregnancy also involves fetal considerations, because lumpectomy is discouraged in favor of modified radical mastectomy unless late- term pregnancy allows follow- up radiation therapy to be administered after the birth. Treatment with more than 4. Gy of radiation usually causes spontaneous abortion. Exposure to much lower doses during the first trimester, especially 8 to 1. Exposures above 0. Gy cause a dose- dependent reduction in IQ. BCE), Ancient Egypt with its Ebers Papyrus (c. BCE), and the Roman Empire in the time of Juvenal (c. One of the earliest known artistic representations of abortion is in a bas relief at Angkor Wat (c. Found in a series of friezes that represent judgment after death in Hindu and Buddhist culture, it depicts the technique of abdominal abortion. According to Soranus' 1st or 2nd century CE work Gynaecology, one party of medical practitioners banished all abortives as required by the Hippocratic Oath; the other party—to which he belonged—was willing to prescribe abortions, but only for the sake of the mother's health. He preferred abortion in such cases, with the restriction. However, conservatism by most physicians with regards to sexual matters prevented the wide expansion of safe abortion techniques. Ethical, moral, philosophical, biological, religious and legal issues surrounding abortion are related to value systems. Opinions of abortion may be about fetal rights, governmental authority, and women's rights. In both public and private debate, arguments presented in favor of or against abortion access focus on either the moral permissibility of an induced abortion, or justification of laws permitting or restricting abortion. Anti- abortion groups who favor greater legal restrictions on abortion, including complete prohibition, most often describe themselves as . The latter position argues that a woman has certain reproductive rights, especially the choice whether or not to carry a pregnancy to term. Modern abortion law. International status of abortion law. UN 2. 01. 3 report on abortion law. Religious, moral, and cultural sensibilities continue to influence abortion laws throughout the world. The right to life, the right to liberty, the right to security of person, and the right to reproductive health are major issues of human rights that are sometimes used as justification for the existence or absence of laws controlling abortion. In jurisdictions where abortion is legal, certain requirements must often be met before a woman may obtain a safe, legal abortion (an abortion performed without the woman's consent is considered feticide). These requirements usually depend on the age of the fetus, often using a trimester- based system to regulate the window of legality, or as in the U. S., on a doctor's evaluation of the fetus' viability. Some jurisdictions require a waiting period before the procedure, prescribe the distribution of information on fetal development, or require that parents be contacted if their minor daughter requests an abortion. Many restrictions are waived in emergency situations. China, which has ended their. Many, but not all, of these allow legal abortions in a variety of circumstances. ICMJE meets annually to refine its Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.
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